the government has established the structure of the third-party authority ensuring international consistency, so that legal requirements and self-regulation in the private sector are effectively enforced.The primary amendments to the previous legal framework are as follows: The government has established an independent agency to serve as a data protection authority to operate ordinances and self-regulation in the private sector to promote the use of personal data. Development of a third-party authority system 10 ![]() The main changes introduced by the amendment are set out below. The amendment to the APPI has been in full force since. ![]() I Drastic change of the legal framework under the APPI in 2017 9 In 2020, as a result of the triennial review by the PPC, the further amendment to the APPI was enacted on 12 June 2020 and will be in effect on 1 April 1 2022. Pursuant to the supplemental provisions of the amendment to the APPI, the APPI is to be reviewed for any necessary update triennially. 6 Under the amendment to the APPI, however, the guidelines (the APPI Guidelines) 7 that prescribe in detail the interpretations and practices of the APPI are principally provided and updated by the PPC, with a limited number of special guidelines provided to specific sectors (such as medical and financial ones) by the PPC and the relevant ministries. Prior to the amendment, as of July 2015, 39 guidelines for 27 sectors regarding personal information protection were issued by government agencies, including the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 4 the Japan Financial Services Agency, 5 and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Since the amendment to the APPI in 2017, the legal framework has been drastically changed and the PPC has primary responsibility for personal information protection policy in Japan. Under the amendment to the APPI in 2017, the Personal Information Protection Commission (PPC) was established as an independent agency whose duties include protecting the rights and interests of individuals while promoting proper and effective use of personal information. Prior to the amendment, the APPI was applied solely to business operators that have used any personal information database containing details of more than 5,000 persons on any day in the past six months 3 but this requirement was eliminated by the amendment. ![]() The APPI was drastically amended in 2016 and has been in full force since. In Japan, the Act on the Protection of Personal Information 2 (APPI) primarily handles the protection of data privacy issues.
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